explain about suffixes in the sentences

Suffixes

A suffix goes at the end of a word. A prefix goes at the beginning.

A suffix is a group of letters placed at the end of a word to make a new word. A suffix can make a new word in one of two ways:

1. inflectional (grammatical): for example, changing singular to plural (cat > cats), or changing present tense to past tense (talk > talked). In this case, the basic meaning of the word does not change.
2. derivational (the new word has a new meaning, "derived" from the original word): for example, teach > teacher or care > careful

Inflectional suffixes

Inflectional suffixes do not change the meaning of the original word. So in "Every day I walk to school" and "Yesterday I walked to school", the words walk and walked have the same basic meaning. In "I have one car" and "I have two cars", the basic meaning of the words car and cars is exactly the same. In these cases, the suffix is added simply for grammatical "correctness". Look at these examples:

suffix	grammatical change	example original word	example suffixed word
-s	plural	cat	cats
-en	plural (irregular)	ox	oxen
-s	3rd person singular present	like	he likes
-ed	Past tense past participle	free	he freed he has freed
-en	past participle (irregular)	draw	he has drawn
-ing	continuous/progressive	walk	he is walking
-er	comparative	tall	taller
-est	superlative	tall	the tallest

Derivational suffixes

With derivational suffixes, the new word has a new meaning, and is usually a different part of speech. But the new meaning is related to the old meaning - it is "derived" from the old meaning.

We can add more than one suffix, as in this example:

derive (verb) + tion = derivation (noun) + al = derivational (adjective)

There are several hundred derivational suffixes. Here are some of the more common ones:

suffix	making	example original word	example suffixed word
-ation	nouns	explore hesitate	exploration hesitation
-sion		persuade divide	persuasion division
-er		teach	teacher
-cian		music	musician
-ess		god	goddess
-ness		sad	sadness
-al		arrive	arrival
-ary		diction	dictionary
-ment		treat	treatment
-y		jealous victor	jealousy victory
-al	adjectives	accident	accidental
-ary		imagine	imaginary
-able		tax	taxable
-ly		brother	brotherly
-y		ease	easy
-ful		sorrow forget	sorrowful forgetful
-ly	adverbs	helpful	helpfully
-ize	verbs	terror private	terrorize privatize
-ate		hyphen	hyphenate

Note that the suffix -er can convert almost any verb into the person or thing performing the action of the verb. For example: a teacher is a person who teaches, a lover loves, a killer kills, an observer observes, a walker walks, a runner runs; a sprinkler is a thing that sprinkles, a copier copies, a shredder shreds.

Examples in sentences :

·         She sang softly hoping that the baby would fall asleep. (suffix = ly and - ing)

·         He was known throughout the community for his kindness and generousity. (suffix = ness and another suffix = ity.)

·         She's crying because she stepped on very hot pavement. (suffix = ing, also - ed)

·         We have so much to be thanful for. (- ful)

·         Walking alone at night is dangerous. (- ous)

·         Sometimes, Dad has selective hearing. ( - ive)

·         He got an A in biology class. ( - ology)

·         The seamstress will shorten the dress so it's the correct length. (- en)

·         His fascination with animals led to a career as a veterinarian ( - tion, - ian)

Examples:

 
Man and manhood

Here, ‘hood’ is a suffix.

Free and freedom

Here, ‘dom’ is a suffix.

The origin of Suffixes is the languages of Latin, Greek and English itself.
The Suffixes can be categorized as follows:
1. Suffixes of Nouns of English origin:
i. Denoting the doer:
Er –Painter, baker
Ar – beggar
Or – sailor
Yer - lawyer
Ster – spinster, punster, songster
Ter – daughter, sister
Ther – father, mother, brother,
ii. Denoting state, action, condition, being, etc…
Dom – freedom, martyrdom, wisdom
Hood – manhood, childhood,
Head - godhead
Lock – wedlock,
Ledge - knowledge
Ness – darkness, boldness, goodness, sweetness
Red – hatred, kindred
Ship – friendship, hardship, lordship
Th – health, stealth, growth

iii. Denoting diminutives:
El – satchel, kernel,
Le - girdle, handle
En – maiden, kitten, chicken
Ie – dearie, birdie, lassie
Kin – lambkin, napkin
Let – leaflet
Ling – ducking, darling, stripling, weakling
Ock – hillock, bullock

2. Suffixes of Adjectives of English origin:
Ed – having                 Examples: Gifted, talented, wretched, learned
En – made of              Examples: Wooden, golden, woolen, earthen
Ful – full of                 Examples: Hopeful, fruitful, joyful
Ish – somewhat like    Examples: Boorish, reddish, girlish
Less – free from          Examples: Fearless, shameless, hopeless, senseless, boundless
Ly – like                      Examples: Manly, godly, sprightly
Some – with the quality of
Examples: Wholesome, meddlesome, gladsome, quarrelsome
Y – with the quality of
Examples: Wealthy, healthy, windy, slimy, greedy, needy, thirsty, dirty

3. Suffixes of Verbs of English origin:
En – causative, forming transitive verbs
Examples: Weaken, sweeten, gladden, deaden, strengthen etc…
Se – to make               Examples: Rinse, cleanse
Er – intensive              Examples: Chatter, glitter, glimmer, fritter, flutter

4. Suffixes of Adverbs of English origin:
Ly – like                      Examples: Boldly, wisely
Long – towards           Examples: Headlong, sidelong
Ward – turning to        Examples: Homeward, backward, upwards
Way – to wards           Examples: Straight a way, anyway, always
Wise – manner            Examples: Likewise, otherwise

5. Suffixes of Nouns of Latin origin:
i. Denoting chiefly the agents or doer of a thing
Ain – chieftain
An –artisan
En – citizen
On – surgeon
Ar – scholar
Er – preacher
Eer – engineer
Ier – financier
Ary – missionary
Ate – advocate
Ee – trustee
Ey – attorney
Y – Deputy
Or –emperor
Our –saviour
Eur –Amateur
Er – interpreter
ii. Denoting state, action or the result of an action
Age – bondage, marriage, breakage, leakage
Ance – abundance, brilliance, assistance, excellence, innocence
Cy – fancy, accuracy, lunacy, bankruptcy
Ion – action, option, union
Ice – service, cowardice
Ise – exercise
Ment – improvement, judgment, punishment
Mony – parsimony, matrimony, testimony
Tude – attitude, altitude, magnitude, servitude, fortitude
Ty – cruelty, frailty, credulity
Ure – pleasure, forfeiture, verdure
Y – Misery, victory
iii. Denoting Diminutives:
Cule (ule, cel, sel, el, le) – animalcule, globule, parcel, damsel, chapel, circle
Et – owlet, lancet, trumpet
Ette – cigarette, coquette
iv. Denoting places:
Ary (ery, ry) – dispensary, library, nunnery, treasury
Ter (tre) – cloister, theatre

6.Suffixes of Adjectives of Latin origin
Al – national, regal, mortal, fatal
An –human
Ane- humane, mundane
Ar – regular, familiar
Ary – customary, contrary, necessary, ordinary, honorary
Ate – fortunate, temperate, obstinate
Ble – feeble, Laughable
Able- Laughable
Ible – sensible
Esque – picturesque, grotesque
Id – humid, vivid, lucid
Ile – servile, fragile, juvenile
Ine – feminine, canine, feline, divine
Ive – active, attentive, sportive
Lent – corpulent, indolent, turbulent, virulent
Ose – verbose,
Ous – dangerous, onerous, copious

7. Suffixes of Verbs of Latin origin
Ate – assassinate, captivate, exterminate
Esce – acquiesce, effervesce
Fy – simplify, purify, fortify, sanctify, terrify
Ish – publish, nourish, punish, banish
8. Suffixes of Greek origin :
Ic – angelic, cynic, phonemic, phonetic,
Ique – unique
Ist – artist, chemist
Isk – asterisk, obelisk
Ism – patriotism, despotism, enthusiasm
Asm - enthusiasm
Ize – civilize, sympathize, criticize etc…
Sis – crisis, analysis, heresy, poesy
Sy - heresy, poesy
E – Catastrophe
Y – Monarchy, philosophy

Examples in sentences :

·         She sang softly hoping that the baby would fall asleep. (suffix = ly and - ing)

·         He was known throughout the community for his kindness and generousity. (suffix = ness and another suffix = ity.)

·         She's crying because she stepped on very hot pavement. (suffix = ing, also - ed)

·         We have so much to be thanful for. (- ful)

·         Walking alone at night is dangerous. (- ous)

·         Sometimes, Dad has selective hearing. ( - ive)

·         He got an A in biology class. ( - ology)

·         The seamstress will shorten the dress so it's the correct length. (- en)

·         His fascination with animals led to a career as a veterinarian ( - tion, - ian)